Computer Full Name = Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education, and Research
C = Common
O = Operating
M = Machine
P = Particularly
U = Used
T = Trade
E = Education
R = Research
C = Common
O = Operating
M = Machine
P = Particularly
U = Used
T = Trade
E = Education
R = Research
Charles Babbage, (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English. He was a mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best remembered now for originating the concept of a programmable computer.
What is Computer?
Computer is an electronic Device with ability to accept –
Computer is an electronic Device with ability to accept –
- Data is supplied by the user.
- Input store and execute instruction.
- Perform Mathematical & Logical Operation.
- Output results according to user’s requirement.
- Computers are accurate.
- They do not may mistake to calculation.
Types of Computer
- Analog Computer
- Digital Computer
- Hybrid Computer
Analog computer
Analog computer are used mostly is medical Science. This very kind of computers work on continuous data values, if you have to calculate the pressure of something similar then kind of technology having will be useful.
Analog computer are used mostly is medical Science. This very kind of computers work on continuous data values, if you have to calculate the pressure of something similar then kind of technology having will be useful.
Digital Computer
Digital Computers are the mostly commonly used computer on a digital technique which is widely used and preferred now –a-das. This kind of computer used micro processor technology which is quite digital and able to calculate and execute million instruction within a second. This also comes under kind of categories as we can see downwards.
Digital Computers are the mostly commonly used computer on a digital technique which is widely used and preferred now –a-das. This kind of computer used micro processor technology which is quite digital and able to calculate and execute million instruction within a second. This also comes under kind of categories as we can see downwards.
Four types of a digital computer
Micro computer
Mini computer
Mainframe computer
Super computer
Micro computer
Mini computer
Mainframe computer
Super computer
Hybrid computer
The kinds of computer comes with both characteristics are called hybrid. This is used there were it needs to calculate both the digital and analog data in hospital.
The kinds of computer comes with both characteristics are called hybrid. This is used there were it needs to calculate both the digital and analog data in hospital.
ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTER
INPUT DEVICE
There are various types of Input Devices available. These are-
There are various types of Input Devices available. These are-
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Joystick
- Track Ball
- Light pen
- Scanner
- Touch Screen
- OCR (Optical character Reader)
- Microphone
- Bar Code Reader
- MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader)
OUTPUT DEVICE
There are various types of Output Devices available. These are-
CRT (cathode Ray tube) This is television like screen where the result of a computer’s task are displayed. In this technology cathode ray falls on florescence screen and by deflecting ray makes picture.
LCD (Liquid Cristal display) This VDU is thin flat and having light modulating technology. It is of two types.
TFT (Thin film Transistor) It is variant of LCD and make matrix but not self lighting.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) it is self back light emitting technology picture quality is batter.
HARDWARE:
A computer system consists of hardware and software.
Hardware represents the physical components of the computer, i.e. the component that can be seen and touched like- Input devices, Output devices, CPU, floppy disk etc.
There are various types of Output Devices available. These are-
- V.D.U (Visual Display Unit)/ MONITOR
- Printer
- Speaker
- Projector
CRT (cathode Ray tube) This is television like screen where the result of a computer’s task are displayed. In this technology cathode ray falls on florescence screen and by deflecting ray makes picture.
LCD (Liquid Cristal display) This VDU is thin flat and having light modulating technology. It is of two types.
TFT (Thin film Transistor) It is variant of LCD and make matrix but not self lighting.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) it is self back light emitting technology picture quality is batter.
HARDWARE:
A computer system consists of hardware and software.
Hardware represents the physical components of the computer, i.e. the component that can be seen and touched like- Input devices, Output devices, CPU, floppy disk etc.
SOFTWARE:
Software is the set of computer programs that are needed for running/operating a computer system.
There are two types of software
Application software
System software
Application Software
Application Software may consist of a single program such as a image viewer, a small collection of program that work closely together to accomplish a task such as a spreadsheet or text processing system. It is for user on which users do their work, for example ms word, paint, game music, etc.
System software
System software is responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual hardware component of a computer system. This makes the system usable and connects hardware to hardware or hardware to software for example operating system.
DATA REPRESENTS IN COMPUTER MEMORY:
BIT _ BYTE _ KILOBYTE _ MEGABYTE _ GIGABYTE _ TERABYTE
c. KILO BYTE
1024 BYTE = 1 KB
d. MEGA BYTE
1024 KILO BYTE = 1 MB
e. GIGA BYTE
1024 MEGA BYTE = 1 GB
f. TERA BYTE
1024 GIGA BYTE = 1 TB
COMPUTER MEMORY:
There are two types of memory in a computer.
Software is the set of computer programs that are needed for running/operating a computer system.
There are two types of software
Application software
System software
Application Software
Application Software may consist of a single program such as a image viewer, a small collection of program that work closely together to accomplish a task such as a spreadsheet or text processing system. It is for user on which users do their work, for example ms word, paint, game music, etc.
System software
System software is responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual hardware component of a computer system. This makes the system usable and connects hardware to hardware or hardware to software for example operating system.
DATA REPRESENTS IN COMPUTER MEMORY:
BIT _ BYTE _ KILOBYTE _ MEGABYTE _ GIGABYTE _ TERABYTE
- BIT = 0 or 1
- BYTE
c. KILO BYTE
1024 BYTE = 1 KB
d. MEGA BYTE
1024 KILO BYTE = 1 MB
e. GIGA BYTE
1024 MEGA BYTE = 1 GB
f. TERA BYTE
1024 GIGA BYTE = 1 TB
COMPUTER MEMORY:
There are two types of memory in a computer.
- Primary Memory
- Secondary Memory
- RAM
- ROM
RAM: RAM stands for Random Access Memory, the data is stored in Random Access Memory first. It can then be stored on floppy disk, hard disk etc. Data stored in RAM can get erased if the power goes off while you are working on the computer.
ROM: ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It holds data permanently. ROM stores a part of the operating system instructions. When you switch on your computer the certain information appears on the screen before loading the operating system. This information stored in ROM.
Secondary Memory: The secondary memory is used for the bulk storage of programs, data and other information. There are various types of secondary memory available. These are –
ROM: ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It holds data permanently. ROM stores a part of the operating system instructions. When you switch on your computer the certain information appears on the screen before loading the operating system. This information stored in ROM.
Secondary Memory: The secondary memory is used for the bulk storage of programs, data and other information. There are various types of secondary memory available. These are –
- Floppy Disk
- Hard Disk
- CD - ROM
- DVD – ROM
- Pen drive
5 ¼ inches floppy
HARD DISK: Hard Disk can store more data than floppy disk. Hard disk of size 20 GB, 40 GB,
80 GB, 160 GB, 250 GB, 320 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB. CD – ROM: CD – ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. CD – ROMs are used to store a wide variety of information like – video, songs, games, educational books etc. DVD – ROM: The next generation of CD – ROM are called DVD – ROM. Its full form is Digital Versatile Disk. A DVD is the same size as Compact Disk but holds up to 25 times more data and is much faster. Pen Drive: Pen drive is used to store the data and other information like- video, songs, music, photos, files etc. OPERATING SYSTEM: OS is a set of software programs which provide the interface between the user and the computer system. There are various types of operating system available – |
DOS (Disk operating system)
- Windows 1.0(1985)
- Windows 2.0(1987)
- Windows 3.0(1990)
- Windows for workgroup 3.11 (1993)
- Windows 95 (1995)
- Windows NT workstation 4.0 (1996)
- Windows 98 (1998)
- Windows MS (2000)
- Windows 2000 professional (2000)
- Windows XP (2001)
- Windows 2003 server/professional (2003)
- Windows vista (2006)
- Windows 7/8
First Generation (1942-1955)
We have already discussed about some of the early computer ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, etc. This machine and other of their time were made possible by the indentation of “Vacuum Tube” which was a fragile class device that could control and amplify electronic signals these vacuum tube computers are referred to as first generation computer.
Advantage
Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days.
We have already discussed about some of the early computer ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, etc. This machine and other of their time were made possible by the indentation of “Vacuum Tube” which was a fragile class device that could control and amplify electronic signals these vacuum tube computers are referred to as first generation computer.
Advantage
Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days.
- Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers.
- These computer were the fastest calculating device of there time. They could perform computations in milliseconds.
- Too bulky in size
- Unreliable
- Thousand of vacuum tube that was used emitted large amount of heat and burnt out frequently.
- Air conditioning required.
ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
Second Generation (1955 - 1964)
The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube was invented in 1947. However computer that used transistor were not produced in quantity until over a decade later. The second generation emerged with transistor being the brain of the computer.
Advantages
EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
Second Generation (1955 - 1964)
The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube was invented in 1947. However computer that used transistor were not produced in quantity until over a decade later. The second generation emerged with transistor being the brain of the computer.
Advantages
- Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.
- More reliable
- Less heat generated
- These computers were able to reduce computational times from millisecond to microseconds.
- Air conditioning required
- Frequent maintenance required
- Manual assemble of individual components into a functioning unit was required.
Third generation 1964- 1975
Advance in electronic technology continued and the advent of microelectronic technology made it possible to integrate number of circuit elements into very small surface of silicon know as chips this new technology was called IC “integrated circuit” The third generation was based on IC technology and the computers that were designed with the use of integrated circuit.
Advantage
Advance in electronic technology continued and the advent of microelectronic technology made it possible to integrate number of circuit elements into very small surface of silicon know as chips this new technology was called IC “integrated circuit” The third generation was based on IC technology and the computers that were designed with the use of integrated circuit.
Advantage
- Smaller in size as compared to pervious generation.
- Even more reliable than second generation computer.
- Even lower heat generated then second generation computer.
- Air conditioning required in many cases.
- Highly sophisticated technology require for the manufacture of IC chips.
Fourth Generation 1975 onwards
Initially the integrate circuit contained only about ten to twenty components. This technology was named small scale integration. Later with the advancement in technology of manufacturing IC it become possible to integrate
Primary memory
There are five types of ram
SRAM- Abbreviation is static Random Access Memory that is the faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM. The term Static is derived from the fact that it does not need to be refreshed like Dynamic Ram. SRAM is often used only as a memory catch usually found in the CPU.
DRAM- Stands for Dynamic Random Access memory a type of memory used in most personal computer.
SDRAM- Stands for synchronous DRAM, anew type of DRAM That can run at much higher clock speed than conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU.
DDR2-SDRAM- Abbreviation is double data rate synchronous DRAM 2 is type of DDR that supports higher speed than its ancestor DDR SDRAM.
DDR3-SDRAM- Abbreviation is double data rate synchronous DRAM 3 is the newest type of DDR that supports the faster speed of all the SDRAM memory.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) A PROM is a memory chip on which data can written only once. The difference between a PROM and ROM is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory. Where a ROM is a programmed during the manufacturing process.
Initially the integrate circuit contained only about ten to twenty components. This technology was named small scale integration. Later with the advancement in technology of manufacturing IC it become possible to integrate
Primary memory
There are five types of ram
SRAM- Abbreviation is static Random Access Memory that is the faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM. The term Static is derived from the fact that it does not need to be refreshed like Dynamic Ram. SRAM is often used only as a memory catch usually found in the CPU.
DRAM- Stands for Dynamic Random Access memory a type of memory used in most personal computer.
SDRAM- Stands for synchronous DRAM, anew type of DRAM That can run at much higher clock speed than conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU.
DDR2-SDRAM- Abbreviation is double data rate synchronous DRAM 2 is type of DDR that supports higher speed than its ancestor DDR SDRAM.
DDR3-SDRAM- Abbreviation is double data rate synchronous DRAM 3 is the newest type of DDR that supports the faster speed of all the SDRAM memory.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) A PROM is a memory chip on which data can written only once. The difference between a PROM and ROM is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory. Where a ROM is a programmed during the manufacturing process.
EPROM ( Erasable Programmable Read only memory) It is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased it can be reprogrammed. An EEPROM is Similar to a PROM but required only electricity to be erased.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory)
Pronounced double EE-Prom or e-e-prom an EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other type of PROM , EEPROM retained it contains its contains even when the power is turned off also like other type of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is Similar to flash memory.
OPTICAL DISK
This kind of storage device come under secondary storage device whereas CD ROM is the device of access or read an optical disk .
It is an advance technology for data storage. Optical disk is a disk read and written leaser beam. Optical disk does not need to move access arms and read/write heads because a leaser beam can be moved electronically. For writing data a leaser beam burns tiny cavities into the surface of a disk to marks bits for data. To read the data a leaser beam scans these areas.
USB Thumbs Drive
USB thumbs drive normally known as flash drive of pen drive is used to store bulk data as per its capacity. They are small in size with a USB face is a portable to be used any where any computer. This is little faster comparatively. This is a plug in play device which you do insert in the USB poet of computer do the data transaction and remove from the computer and can use it to other one that’s why most of time it is even known’s as data Traveller.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory)
Pronounced double EE-Prom or e-e-prom an EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other type of PROM , EEPROM retained it contains its contains even when the power is turned off also like other type of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is Similar to flash memory.
OPTICAL DISK
This kind of storage device come under secondary storage device whereas CD ROM is the device of access or read an optical disk .
It is an advance technology for data storage. Optical disk is a disk read and written leaser beam. Optical disk does not need to move access arms and read/write heads because a leaser beam can be moved electronically. For writing data a leaser beam burns tiny cavities into the surface of a disk to marks bits for data. To read the data a leaser beam scans these areas.
USB Thumbs Drive
USB thumbs drive normally known as flash drive of pen drive is used to store bulk data as per its capacity. They are small in size with a USB face is a portable to be used any where any computer. This is little faster comparatively. This is a plug in play device which you do insert in the USB poet of computer do the data transaction and remove from the computer and can use it to other one that’s why most of time it is even known’s as data Traveller.